Sunday, May 15, 2011

REFLECTION PAPER


            My personal history of art education has been mostly positive and encouraging. When I look back, the parts that I thought weren’t so great have only made me stronger and more determined to teach others what I think is right.

MY PERSONAL ART BACKGROUND           
            To begin with, I just want to say that I am so very lucky to have extremely supportive parents who have encouraged me all my life to do whatever makes me happy. I asked my parents about their families to try and find out if there was a history of any artists throughout the generations. There was no one who was interested in or pursued art on my mom’s side. My dad’s family, however, was rich with artists and handicraftsmen. My dad’s mom used oil paints to paint the beautiful landscapes and scenes of the ranches she grew up on and the places she had been. She painted on whatever she could find, mostly tree stumps and pieces of wood that had been smoothed down and lacquered (or something that produced a glossy finish). Her son, Doug and his daughter Tammy, painted and even sold some of their paintings on the side. My dad has done some woodcarving and leather tooling.  To do this he used an old granite tombstone to lay the leather on and proceeded to tool (emboss the design on the leather). My dad also worked at a metal building company where he worked as a salesman and designed and drafted metal buildings.
            According to my dad, I started making art around the age of 2 “as soon as I could pick up a pencil.” He said that I had every coloring book available in the stores and that I would draw on anything and everything with markers, pencils, and crayons. He chuckled when he recalled my “relationships” with my mediums. I treated all of my art supplies so good and took very good care of each of them as if they were my dolls. When I asked my dad if and when he knew I was going to grow up making art my living, he replied, “Gosh ever since you were little you could entertain yourself for half the day drawing and making stuff, I knew then.”
                  I grew up on a ranch, 30 minutes away from civilization in all directions. Because my dad worked in town and at the ranch, and my mom stayed home and raised us, we were a very bare-necessity kind of family. For the most part, the only time we received toys were on Christmas and our birthdays. I loved those days because I could restock all of my art supplies and kits, but in the meantime, my two sisters and I had to get creative with playtime. I remember one summer day, my sisters and I ran out of crayons, we went outside and gathered Mexican Hats, Indian Paintbrushes (wildflowers of all sorts and colors), and grasses and smeared them all over drawing paper to test out all the natural colors the petals and blades of grass would make. We experimented with a lot of natural resources – we tried to make “glue” out of milk thistle because we knew how sticky its sap was. We used branches and rust and any and everything under the sun to create and experiment and learn about art. These parts of my life, from the earliest of my days until I was 10, were the best art lessons I could ever receive.
            When I hit junior high, my school started to offer art classes. We tried everything from painting to drawing to sculpting with clay. Although I don’t remember much about this time period, I do recall watching art videos on how to draw dimensional objects and how to make origami and many crafts.
            High school art was great. My teacher, Mrs. Howell, was so wonderful – she did everything she could to provide her classrooms with a great art experience using very limited resources. Sure there were the some days that drug on for me, such as the technical (but necessary) side of art education and keeping up with our daily sketchbook homework assignments. One of the projects she had us do was pretty incredible. We took down all the windows on the inside of the classrooms and painted them in a stain glass effect to correspond with the subject that was taught in that classroom. When I talked to my mom who is an elementary school teacher at Junction, she said that it was so sad because they did some remodeling in the high school and replaced all the windows we had painted. Another fantastic project we worked on was making a drawing book from scratch. Mine took almost a whole year to complete because I hand drew the front and back cover, hand marbled (a technique we had learned earlier in the year) the pastedowns, hand sewn the pages together, and bound the whole thing. My teacher also took us on the most educational field trips to the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, The Kimble Museum, a Tibetan sand blowing ritual (in San Angelo), and an art show in Snyder (at Western Texas College). It was this art show at Western Texas College that made me realize that I wasn’t even close to par with other art students, and even though I always wanted to create art for a living, I knew I would never be a successful studio artist. I was really fascinated by psychology, beautiful typefaces and symbols, color theory, images, and composition so it only seemed natural for me to explore graphic design.

HOW I WISH TO TEACH OTHERS ABOUT ART EDUCATION (GRAPHIC DESIGN/COMPUTER GRAPHICS)           
            College is definitely the most important years to a future career person’s life. I felt that my college did a fine job preparing me for the work force, however, I also felt that there were some lessons and/or courses that could have been added to make transitioning into the “real world” much more successful and easier. I believe this so much that it has inspired me to work toward getting a masters degree so that I may teach design communications at a higher education level. After learning the basics and principles of graphic design, I think that creating some classes that emulate the different place one could work with a design communications degree would ensure students more job opportunities. When studying design, I was under the impression that the only options I had was to work at a design firm or do freelance work. I didn’t know until I graduated that there were many other avenues to explore.
            My first design job when I graduated was in a print shop. It was a complete shock when I worked there, even though I had trained in my field for 5 years, I could barely do any of the tasks and prepressing that was required of me. I learned more about design programs and printers working there than I did in my whole college career. My next job was working at Thrifty Nickel. That was also a shock because before working here and the print shop, I never knew how to work with bosses and clients and I figured out real quick there was more to a graphic design job than just designing. Because of these jobs, I want to teach college class(es) that teach students how to work in these type of conditions. One of the classes would be how to work in a print shop. This training would include teaching students how to pre-press for all types of printers, set up screen print work orders, design for every type of “real-life” client, understand how to work with bosses/supervisors, time management (print shops expect one to pre-press and design at least 20 work orders a day), how to read and understand work orders/requests, the math behind design (designing with multi-dimensions in mind such as car wraps, billboard wrapping, retainers, visual openings, etc.). I would include field trips to different types of large-scale and publication print shops and assign actual projects from these print shops.
            Another class could be training on newspaper/tabloid jobs and would include training on paginating (laying out multiple, complex pages), photography, advertisement design, illustrating for newspapers, understanding all types of clients and supervisors, managing work flow, and prepressing pages for final print. Field trips could be organized to places such as Daily Toreador, Thrifty Nickel, and Lubbock Avalanche-Journal followed by completing actual work orders from these businesses.
            Even though I was told I could do some freelance graphic design work to make a living, I was never told how to go about doing that. Another class that I think would be helpful for students is to create freelance courses that would include everything they need to know to be self-employed. This would cover things like website building, résumés, portfolios, how to build a client base, information regarding all types of clients, understanding how to outsource to printers, how to start up as a freelance designer (creating a business name, going to the Small Business Administration to register for a business license), legalities of freelancing (compensation, preventing lawsuits, taxes and accounting), quoting and pricing services, time management, etc.

CONCLUSION           
            I am very excited to help students be successful in graphic design, and I think I really could do this because I have a lot of beneficial experience that would ensure most of my students’ successes after graduation. Even with the economy on the fritz, I have seen that design communications isn’t going anywhere – in fact there are plenty of different types of graphic design jobs out there, you just have to know where to look.

Thursday, April 7, 2011

Approaches to Teaching Art Assignment


An Art Education Teaching Approach: Reggio Emilia
            Teaching has always been a dream of mine. The part that I always get hung up on is what grade to teach – do I want to teach elementary, middle school, high school or college? I really enjoy working with children. I like their openness, their energy, and unbiased outlook on life. So with that said, I believe the best teaching approach for me to research would be the Reggio Emilia approach. Throughout this paper I will explain the history and basics of this teaching method, discuss if and how it can be applied in a modern setting, and finally I will go over my personal experimentation with the Reggio Emilia approach in art exploration.
HISTORY AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REGGIO EMILIA APPROACH           
            To begin, I will explain what the Reggio Emilia approach is all about – the who, what, when, where, why, and how of this approach. First off, Reggio Emilia is a small city located in the “region of Emilia Romagna” (NAREA, 2008). The city fell into despair after World War II; the citizens had lost many men and needed to “begin rebuilding their lives.” Because of the effects of war, they realized that the best way to rebuild a solid future was to start with the children. So they built a new preschool. “They saw this as a way of giving their children a better future by building a new type of school – one where children would be taken seriously and believed in” (Brunton & Thornton, 2007, p. 6).
            The community of Villa Cella, which was “seven kilometers from Reggio,” received a bit of money that came from “the sale of a tank, a few horses and a truck that had been abandoned by the retreating Nazis.” There was much dispute over where the money would go to – the men wanted a theater, the women wanted to “build a preschool to provide a new form of education that would ensure that they would never again bring up a generation of children who would tolerate injustice and inequality” (Brunton & Thornton, 2009, p. 8-9).
            Loris Malaguzzi was the founder of the Reggio Emilia teaching approach. At age 19, Malaguzzi began taking “teacher training courses” which he finished “during the war.” “In 1946, Malaguzzi enrolled in the first postwar psychology course in Rome – and this marked the beginning of the Reggio Emilia adventure” (2001, p. 46). Malaguzzi had been teaching elementary students in Reggio when he caught ear of an amazing “project taking place in Villa Cella.” When he went to see what the construction of this new school was all about, he was baffled by what he saw. The whole community had pulled together – all of them were helping to build this school (Brunton & Thornton 2009, p.10). He was so moved by how vital the preschool was to the community that he wanted to be a part in this new teaching approach. He trained in child psychology and guided a staff to teach based on “social interaction and cognitive development” (Brunton & Thornton, 2007, p. 7).
            From what I’ve read, the Reggio-Emilia approach is more of an idealistic approach rather than a set-in-stone teaching method with complete directions and instructions. One area of this approach that is consistent is the classroom setup and involvement of  “children, families, and teachers working together to make schools dynamic and democratic learning environments” (New, 2003, p. 34). In the original Reggio Emilia teaching style, there are three staff responsibilities – the “pedagogista”, “teacher”, and “atelierista.” The pedagogista is basically in charge of the school. They are the ones assigning curriculum to the teachers. The teachers usually “work in pairs” so they can provide a good one-on-one relationship with the child. Aterlieristas are usually the “art experts that work with the teachers to help them plan and carry out long-term projects with the children” (Brunton & Thornton, 2007, p. 8-9).
            The point of this approach is to allow the child to thoroughly involve themselves in a subject (usually a subjective discipline like art or music) by exploring and experimenting on their own terms. The teacher is there to engage the student in the subject by asking questions that require the student to involve the senses when exploring (Pelo, 2007). For example, while having students play with clay, a teacher may ask the students to describe how the clay feels, smells, and sounds as they are molding and sculpting it to their liking. To explore color theory, a teacher may ask students how a certain color makes them feel or what memories a certain color brings to mind. Reggio Emilia is a personal exploration where the “child is encouraged to develop an individual understanding of the world and the objects within the world” (Eckhoff & Spearman, 2009, p. 10).
THE REGGIO EMILIA APPROACH APPLIED IN MODERN TIMES
            This teaching method sounds amazing and successful in creating young art students who are imaginative, creative and active in school, community, and life. With that said, the big question is, can it be applied wholly in a modern academic art setting? I believe there is no definite answer. Yes, the Reggio Emilia approach can be applied in modern curriculum, but most likely with some modifications to fit certain classroom criteria/layouts. If it is compliant with the higher-ups, then changes can be applied internally to the curriculum to meet the requirements of this teaching approach. However, some argue that there is “no essential “true” Reggio Emilia” and that “all narrations are built on interpretations, choices, and interests” (Cannella & Soto, 2010, p. 320). I had a long discussion about the Reggio Emilia approach with Rob Weiner, the Texas Tech University Libraries’ arts, music, theater, and dance librarian, hoping to gain an experienced perspective on modern art education methods. We debated whether or not the Reggio Emilia approach could be applied in today’s education system. Rob stated a few issues with this teaching method that could possibly prevent it from working well in the modern academia. First off, the approach requires one-on-one involvement to create a special program for each individual student. This is impractical when a teacher has classes of 20-40 students at a time. Secondly, Rob had some concerns on how the teaching method could be measured. When I told him that the teacher measures the child’s progress by documenting the “child’s art exploration” in a series of writings based on personal opinions (Pelo, 2007, p.13), he shook his head:
Now we have an educational system here in the United States that is based on tests. Its not based on learning. It’s not based on creativity. It’s not based on anything that measures any kind of content or true education. You have to teach to the test, so we’re teaching students how to take tests, we’re not teaching them any kind of content (personal communication, March 14, 2011).
Third, the Reggio Emilia approach requires “extraordinary parent involvement” to extend the lessons and their methods to the home environment (Benham, 2008, p. 21). It would be difficult to ensure this involvement because most families are so busy that they wouldn’t have time to implement this approach in their hectic schedules. Also, family members may not agree with this teaching style and completely disregard its methods.
A PERSONAL EXPERIMENT WITH THE REGGIO EMILIA APPROACH IN ART EXPLORATION           
            To help me understand the Reggio-Emilia approach even better (and how it can be applied to art), I decided to try some of its methods on seven-year old twins, Jason and Jeremiah. For the projects we did, I used the book, The Language of Art: Inquiry-Based Studio Practices in Early Childhood Settings, by Ann Pelo, as my guide. This book has all sorts of art projects inspired by the Reggio-Emilio approach. Also, the book has a section that explains how to review the projects involving the children exploring art techniques (a part of Reggio that helps to track a child’s progress) (2007). Below, I have included written documentation of our art experiment with fingerpaints using the Reggio Emilio approach:
I started this exploration with the fingerpainting lesson on page 27 of Pelo’s book (2007). I first cleared a workspace on the kitchen table and set out red, blue, green and yellow paints. I set out mostly primary colors because I was hoping to engage the children in experimenting with color mixing as well as application. I then invited the children to the workspace and was relieved/surprised when they didn’t fight over where they sat.  To begin the session, I talked with them a little about art. They both agreed that the definition of art was “projects” or “special projects” – creating things such as “reindeer, dragons, spaceships, and space elephants.” Out of the two boys, only Jeremiah was in an art class at school. Both had experimented with fingerpaint paper at daycare but didn’t like it much because they thought it was too hard to draw on with pencils. I then explained to them that they were allowed to play with fingerpaints and paint whatever they wanted on the paper. Once I had turned them loose, they both seemed very hesitant about touching the paints. I had to encourage both of them to use the paints and assure them that they wouldn’t get in trouble for getting messy. They both went straight for the blue and mixed it with yellow and were so happy to see that it had made green (which I thought was interesting even though I had provided them with green). Jeremiah mixed all the colors together to find out what color that made – a brownish hue. They both proceed to paint dragons. Jason painted a happy-faced dragon and Jeremiah painted a dragon with a frown. Jeremiah and I had a conversation on why the dragon was sad. “I wonder why the dragon is sad, do you know why he is sad,” I asked. “Because he didn’t get none [sic] ice cream,” he replied. I asked why he didn’t get ice cream and he replied, “Cuz [sic] his mom didn’t let him. And his mom and his brother gots [sic] ice cream, even though he was being good.” Throughout the painting session, I encouraged the boys to engage their senses when painting. I asked how the paint felt and how the paper felt. It was slick, cold and wet to them and at one point Jason looked like he wanted to eat some of the paint (I guess it looked tasty to him). In the end, Jason finished with a painting of a dragon/dog with really interesting hands. Jeremiah continued to apply paint on the paper, mixing and massaging it all together creating interesting lines and swirls. He had created a “rainbow” (Adams & Jones, 2011).

           





This project was the jump-start to some really exciting results. When I saw the boys the next Thursday, out of the blue, Jeremiah started talking about his art class and how he used fingerpaints to paint ladybugs. I started asking him questions about his method of applications and the color of the paints he used. Before this experiment, Jeremiah didn’t realize he was in an art class (I had asked both boys if they had an art class this year, and they both said “no”). Now he is more aware and continues to report back to me on their lessons. Both boys have asked me when we will have “art time” again. So every weekend we have the boys, we will explore a new art project applying the Reggio-Emilia approach and I will continue to record their progress.
            




References

Adams, S., & Jones, K., (creators). (2011). Art Session: Experimenting With the Reggio Emilia Approach [video].

Benham, A. (2008). Powerful children: understanding how to teach and learn using the Reggio approach. New York: Teachers College Press.

Brunton, P., & Thornton, L. (2007). Bringing reggio approach to your early year practice . London: David Fulton.

Brunton, P., & Thornton, L. (2009). Understanding the Reggio approach (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

Cannella, G. S., & Soto, L. D. (2010). Childhoods: a handbook. New York: Peter Lang.

Eckhoff, A., & Spearman, M. (2009). Rethink, Reimagin, Reinvent: the Reggio Emilia Approach to Incorporating Reclaimed Materials in Children’s Artworks. Art Education, 62(2), 10-16. doi: 10.2307/27696325

History | NAREA. (2008). NAREA - North American Reggio Emilia Alliance | NAREA. Retrieved March 12, 2011, from http://www.reggioalliance.org/reggio_emilia_italy/history.php

(2001). Loris Malaguzzi, founder: the Reggio Emilia approach, believing in the power of the child. Scholastic Early Childhood Today, 15(8), 46. Retrieved from OmniFile Full Text Mega database

New, R. (2003). Reggio Emilia: New Ways to Think About Schooling. Educational Leadership, 60(7), 34-8.

Pelo, A. (2007). The language of art: inquiry-based studio practices in early childhood settings. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf press.